Persuasion Against Whale Hunting - 2358 Words

Save Our Whales: End Whale Hunting April 7, 2011 Save our Whales, End Whale Hunting Whales, often called â€Å"the Ocean’s gentle giant† are one of the biggest species/mammals that spend their entire life in the ocean. The smallest known whale is the â€Å"Minke† which, by adulthood is only 8.5 feet long; the largest known whale is the â€Å"Blue whale†, which measures 94.5 feet long. Since the ancient times, people have written about encounters with this mammal. Ancient Roman and Greek artists inspired by the dolphin’s apparent intelligence and kindness to humans began to adopt dolphin motifs on vases, coins, mosaics, sculptures, and paintings. Even Arstotle (384 – 322 bc) spoke about a variety of different whales and identified them as†¦show more content†¦This might seem like a large population; compared to prior figures their population did not significantly increase. What little increase that was found, was/is thought to be due to â€Å"overlapping†, or rather recounting whales. Researchers believe that many of these whales interact with different stocks/groups (NAMMCO, 1995). These are not the only whales to pay the price; since the beginning of commercial whaling over one million sperm whales, two-hundred and fifty thousand humpbacks, and two million other whales have been killed for profit. Are times changing? Records dating back to the 1931-1932 whale-hunting season (ten years before the International Whaling Commission was put in place to protect and stop whaling), 28,325 blue whales were slaughtered. In 1946, the Whaling Commission was formed; however, even with protection, thirty years later (1963-1964) over 29,255 sperms kills were hunted for their meat and other products. Today, even with protection, it is estimated that only 5-10% of the original whale population remains (Carwardine, Hoyt, Fordyce, Gill, 1998). Explosive Harpoons The use of harpoons to kill whales is not new; however, in 1986 Japan started using explosive harpoons, or as the Japan refer to it â€Å"harpoon grenades† (Leake Ryall, 2006). This harpoon is designed to go through the skin of whale and explode into pieces. The theory behind this harpoon is that it will hit vital organs,Show MoreRelatedThe Exemption Of Whaling Issue1717 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing branded a whale-hater and banished to the edge of civilization. If I disagree with their view, I would possibly find myself partly guilty of not respecting the views of other cultures; perhaps even being party to the erosion of one (or more) of their cultural values (as more clashes between their cultures and those of others may arise going forward.) I will say that I don t view any one animal more important that the other. So if these particular whales that they are hunting are not endangeredRead MoreAnimals want People to Stop the Cruelty541 Words   |  2 PagesAnimal cruelty has been going on for years at a time. With the illegal hunting of animals and cruel test given upon them it makes you wonder if anybody really cares about what is being done to animals. Author of â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, Tom Regan, discusses the cruelty of what several animals go through and what people are doing about it. In this selection Regan tries to appeal to the emotions of the reader, gives facts on the things that are being done by people to animals, and tries to establishRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesone example, a hospital published an RFP that asked for a bid to design and build a new operating room that uses the latest technology. Several architecture firms submitted bids to the hospital. The bids f or the project were evaluated internally against other potential projects. When the project was accepted as a go, other criteria were used to select the best qualified bidder. See Appendix 2.1 of this chapter for a complete description of requests for proposal (RFP). 44 Chapter 2 Organization

Analysis Of The Poem Adrienne Rich - 1153 Words

Women had little resources to escape an unhappy or abusive marriage during the nineteen fifties. Most just learned to deal with it behind their closed doors in silence. During this time the divorce rate, according to an article published in 1973 by the â€Å"National Center for Health Statistics†, was at twenty-five percent. (Plateris). Most women did not have the luxury of getting one due to the fact that most husbands of that time had control of the household finances, not to mention that it was a costly venture. Some marriages struggled with spousal abuse as well; be it emotional or physical yet domestic violence at this time was something that people really did not talk about, nor were there the resources for victims that we have today. In this haunting poem, Adrienne Rich uses symbolism to paint a picture of a scared, and lonely woman as she creates this tapestry of Tigers being hunted, in a colorful landscape, while she is pondering her relationship between her and he r spouse. The author starts the poem in a quiet manner with the character Aunt Jennifer sitting peaceably weaving a tapestry of majestic Tigers being hunted. With bright colors in the first stanza,† Bright topaz denizens of a world of green,† (line 2) Topaz is a gem that has a wide color range that includes brown, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink and purple but the definition of it states that a true Topaz is colorless. Denizens means a place or places so the author’s meaning is, in a senseShow MoreRelatedAdrienne Rich Poem Analysis1868 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the civil rights movement and the Vietnam war, Adrienne Rich has played a role of social activist and feminist. Adrienne Rich grew up in Baltimore and married Alfred Conrad who soon after started a family, had three children. Rich â€Å"struggled with the traditional expectations of being a wife and mother†[1], thus deciding to work as a poet who challenged society’s expectation and the inequal ity of power between men and women. Her husband later committed suicide after she distanced herself fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Twenty One Love Poems By Adrienne Rich1782 Words   |  8 Pages Adrienne Rich was a highly acclaimed twentieth-century poet who railed against war and the injustices in the world, and also used imagery that spoke tenderly of love—feelings that she sensed were both highly individual for her, but also universal. â€Å"Twenty-One Love Poems† were written between 1974-1976 to her lover of the time, and they track the course of the relationship through the sweet beginning stages, the development of mature love, and all the way through to its dissolution due toRead MoreAnalysis Of Adrienne Rich s Twenty One Love Poems 1081 Words   |  5 PagesDiana Farinho ENG 385 5/8/2015 Love poems Adrienne Rich’s â€Å"Twenty-One Love Poems,† mainly focus on lesbian lovers which is a different style of writing from typical love poetry that is usually written by a man to a woman. The two poems that will be focused on are â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† written by Andrew Marvell as well as â€Å"There Is a Garden in Her Face† by Thomas Campion. Rich’s love poems mainly focus on two women who work together against all odds using the strength of theirRead MoreImagery Of Women By Adrienne Rich1540 Words   |  7 Pagestransforming force on the planet.† –Adrienne Rich. For many years Adrienne Rich was one of the most influential writers of the feminist movements. She is also known for her use of political issues in her poems. She considers herself a socialist because â€Å"socialism represents moral values – the dignity and human rights of all citizens† (Daily News). In one of her poems, â€Å"Necessities of life,† Ric h focused on death. Adrienne Rich got a negative reaction to her earlier poem â€Å"Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Diving Into The Wreck 1365 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Diving into the Wreck†: An Analysis of Women’s Status Change in the Current Society At the beginning of Adrienne Rich’s poem- â€Å"Diving into the Wreck†, the poet uses â€Å"book of myths, camera, knife, body armor, and grave and awkward mask† to start the poem. Through those words, it is hard to tell if she wants to fight for women’s rights, or just â€Å"dive into the wreck.† However, in general, people usually use their cameras to take pictures or record videos to memorialize things that happened to themRead MoreAnalysis of Diving Into the Wreck813 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Diving Into the Wreck There are many poems in today’s literature that are detailed and paint a picture for the reader. A poem that really stands out is Diving Into the Wreck by Adrienne Rich. Rich is a well known poet born 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland (Milne). She is a very influential poet in the subjects of feminism and the rights of women. Rich’s literary work was released in the early 1970’s which was a trivial and controversial time in the rights of women. Her poem, Diving IntoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Rich s Diving Into The Wreck 1258 Words   |  6 PagesRICH: 1. If you were asked to paraphrase what happens in the poem, what would you say? What does it mean to dive into the wreck? Taking Adrienne Rich’s â€Å"Diving into the Wreck† at face value, one may literally summarize the poem by stating that an individual, hearing stories about a wrecked ship, decided to dive down to the fabled ship alone to see it for themselves and found it. However, reading between the lines, one may also feel that the poem is more than just an adventure for the narratorRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poem 524 Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhile doing a close reading of Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"524†, one can agree that it is one of Dickinson’s more political poems. Dickinson’s common writing style of short, choppy sentences carried along with the use of hyphens is used in this poem just as it is with many of her others. Throughout the poem Dickinson’s political, as well as feminist voice is heard clearly. In the analysis, I will be discussing Dickinson’s writing style, her voice in the poem, and my overall opinion on this piec e of workRead MorePuritanism And Its Negative Portrayal Of The Body1641 Words   |  7 PagesMoore, and Adrienne Rich (Eberwein 1). Already, we can note that Anne Bradstreet has been a strong influence on American Literature. However, we must interpret how she has been a strong representation and influence for Puritanism. Bradstreet serves as a representation of Puritanism due to her individuality as a poet. Moreover, Bradstreet’s individuality as a struggling female poet serves as a representation of Puritanism due to her perseverance. Kenneth A. Requa states in his analysis â€Å"Anne Bradstreet’sRead MoreEssay Postmodernism in Heaneys Poems Bogland and Tollund Man2841 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract This research takes a postmodern approach to Seamus Heaneys two poems: Bogland and The Tollund Man. The evidences in the research bring illuminations to the significant issues of postmodern concept. Heaneys poetry was studied in myth, politics and revolutionary movement in the area of Irish classical poetry. Recently, his poems are considered as postmodern. To answer that how much his poems are traditional, modern or postmodern is the aim of this project. Key Words: postmodernism

Over Representation Of Male African American Students Education Essay Free Essays

string(137) " American pupils in particular instruction has undermined attempts towards the just proviso of educational chances throughout the state\." Male, immature African-Americans are one of the deprived sectors in the American educational system because they are confronted with really limited chances at wining in academic and societal enterprises as in the instance with underprivileged populations. Statisticss showed that about 17 % of pupils in a school are African-Americans yet they account for the instances of suspensions and ejections at 32 % and 30 % severally. This is the figure in regular categories while these rates rise up to three times among Afro-american males in particular instruction or remedial categories as opposed to their white male opposite numbers. We will write a custom essay sample on Over Representation Of Male African American Students Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Less than 10 % ( 8.4 % ) of African-Americans are enrolled in the talented and gifted categories. All in all, consequences revealed that the odds that Afro-american males complete college is one against 12 while merely one against four in dropping out of high school ( Bailey A ; Paisley, n.d. ) . It is the belief that change by reversaling the tendency of academic underachievement among African American childs is possible for schools to set about. Considerable grounds pointed out that low economic standing is an of import factor for inferior schooling in interior metropoliss where several basic demands remain unaddressed. While schools serve as the bastion of chance and hope, immature black males still fall victims of favoritism, marginalisation, and stigmatisation. In this scene, African American males are perceived to be stupid or misbehaving and are given harsher penalties when caught go againsting minor regulations and ordinances in school. Social welfare of these pupils are seldom explored and described. Young black African Americans are more likely to be excluded in competitory categories and other educational chances that would hold supported or encouraged them ( Noguera, 2002 ) . But why is the male gender over-represented? The Report to Congress cited possible grounds for such a high figure among males but are â€Å" non straightforward † ( p. 11 ) . There are three hypotheses that help explicate the laterality of males in particular instruction. First is biology owing to the fact that boys exhibit higher exposure to familial upsets andA greater temperament to possess peculiar larning disablements. Research has established that females show more biological progresss over males such more rapid rate of ripening and less birth anomalousnesss ( Harmon, Stockton, A ; Contrucci, 1992 ) . Second, since male childs are more physically active and more likely misbehave or act out in the schoolroom, it is suggested that the overrepresentation is attributed to behavioural jobs. Though familial, biological or neuropsysiological differences could be attributed to physical activity for males, behavioural jobs on the footing of early acquisition may likewise influen ce determinations made during referral and placement. Kedar-Voivodas ( 1983 ) revealed that kid rise uping pattern, sex function modeling, A imitation, A socialisation, and a pupil ‘s single reaction to school are influential in the repertory of behaviour of misss and male childs in schoolroom state of affairss. Males may take advantage of early acquisition that that grownups are more tolerant towards their active behaviour while misss on the other manus are expected to act in a more inhibited manner ; inactive, quiet, obedient, and pleasant ( Wagner,1976 ) . Third, research workers in gender equity proposed that the over-representation of males is due to the consequence of gender prejudice in referral, categorization, and arrangement. Bias is referred to as the inclinationA of taking a place or formulating decisions refering to a individual on the footing of gender or sex. It was suggested by Kratovil and Bailey ( 1986 ) that gender prejudice in placing particular instruction services emanates from gender stereotypes which dictate expected behaviours of females in society, which result in instructors who have high outlooks while digesting hapless academic accomplishment among female pupils. Little is done to analyze gender prejudice or favoritism being a lending factor in the over-representation of males in the particular instruction sector ( Anderson, 1997 ; Kratovil A ; Bailey, 1986 ; Karlen, 1985 ; Phipps, 1982 ) .A The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 2004 was aimed at guaranting that pupils with particular demands receive Free Appropriate Public Education ( FAPE ) . In order to accomplish its aim, schools should hold intercessions that determine whether the kid that is referred to is a particular kid who needs particular instruction and other related services to suitably come on in school ( Willie, Garibaldi, A ; Reed, 1991 ) . Several cases have mistakenly referred and unsuitably determined kids with particular demands to inscribe in particular instruction and other related services when they should non hold. Recurrence of this pattern to a peculiar group of pupils in a territory which in this instance male African American pupils result in the disproportional overrepresentation of these pupils in particular instruction ( Willie, et. al. , 1991 ) . This disturbing phenomenon in the particular instruction system has received a great sum of attending in research as documented by Agbenyega and Jiggets ( 1999 ) , MacMillian and Reschly ( 1998 ) , Oswald, Best and Countinho ( 1999 ) , Patton ( 1998 ) , U.S. Department of Education ( 2002 ) and Zhang and Katsiyannis ( 2002 ) . Within the past 30 old ages, surveies have continued to show the form of overrepresentation of African Americans in SPED categories providing to those with speech damages, behavioural upsets, mental deceleration, larning disablements, and physical damages ( Watkins A ; Kurtz, 2001 ) . This overrepresentation happens when the frequence of pupils in the particular instruction plans is well near to the entire figure of pupils enrolled. For case, the per centum of African American enrollees ages three to 21 who are having services under IDEA in 2000 is 14.9 % ( US Department of Education NCES, 2000 ) . It should besides noted that African American pupils comprised 16.6 % of the entire school population in the same twelvemonth ( US Department of Commerce, 1972-2000 ) . Annually, the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP ) submits the Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of IDEA. Contained in this study is the population of pupils served in p articular instruction and the cultural background of these pupils. Datas in the 2000 study showed that the job of over-representation of male African American pupils in particular instruction has undermined attempts towards the just proviso of educational chances throughout the state. You read "Over Representation Of Male African American Students Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" In the SY 1998-1999, the likeliness of negatively labeling African American pupils were as follows: 2.9 times as mentally retarded ; 1.9 times, emotionally disturbed ; and 1.3 times, holding a learning disablement. In add-on, African American pupils less probably than White American pupils to return to general instruction schoolrooms after particular instruction. The unequivocal cause of this job is the subject of much argument. Some writers lay the incrimination on White American instructors who fear learning African American male pupils particularly the young person. In the US, Afro-american traditions are debased and society is invariably distributing fearful every bit good as negative stereotypes of African-Americans ( Schwartz, 2001 ) . Consequently, pedagogues endorse these stereotyped images and normally do non accept learning assignments if pupils are African Americans or enforce stricter penalties due to the preconceived impression of the deficiency of subject in their places. This behaviour and patterns by school instructors, forces and decision makers do non see fortunes on their congenital cognition, cognitive abilities, civilization and values of African American pupils taking to their want in school. Data on demographics revealed that more than one tierce of pupils in the simple and high school degrees are African Americans ( We instein, Tomlinson-Clarke A ; Curran, 2004 ) . In striking contrast is the predomination of White, middle-class female instructors in the US learning force ( Ladson-Billings, 2001 ; US Department of Education, 1998 ) . Further intensifying the job is that bulk of White American instructors reside in White American vicinities and graduated from White colleges. In add-on, teacher instruction plans do non sufficiently turn to this racial instability which is permeant in American schoolrooms. Johnson ( 2006 ) stated that the manner persons view African American work forces is influential in how persons respond to them. He furthered that bulk of what is mentioned in educational and psychological literature about the male African American young person is that they are non intelligent, drug nuts, and sexual marauders who may be unemployed or incarcerated. Consequently, this judgmental description of male African American pupils leads to of course denying these persons chances to develop their rational, knowing and originative qualities which are typical of a â€Å" good pupil † . It is notable that research results revealed a figure of instructors make up one’s minding on particular instruction referrals on the degree in which the kid is â€Å" docile † or non-threatening ( Harry A ; Anderson, 1994 ; Hale-Benson, 1982 and Kunjufu, 1985 ) . Another cause that may hold contributed to the overrepresentation of male African American males in particular instruction is the subjectiveness and undependability of designation processs. Chiefly, proving and teacher referrals are mechanisms in which a pupil may be assessed whether he or she should have particular instruction services. Each of these processs nowadayss alone challenges to this phenomenon of overrepresentation of male African Americans in particular instruction. Both of these methods are being questioned in footings of its dependability and public-service corporation. For case, the Executive Committee of the Council for Child Behavior Disorders ( 1989 ) suggested jobs in the referral system since the initial stage of showing is non sensitive plenty in naming pupils holding internalising jobs. Furthermore, the Council for Child Behavior Disorders, Hilliard ( 1990 ) and Cummins ( 1986 ) held that impartial referrals every bit good as erroneous diagnosing occur in the à ¢â‚¬Å" judgmental † classs of particular instruction categorizations which are among the terrible emotional disturbed ( SED ) and mild mentally retarded ( MMR ) . Harry and Anderson ( 1994 ) said that in the appraisal of these disablements, subjective clinical judgement is relied upon instead than verifiable biological standards. It should be necessary to underline that there are two most common used types of trials in placing behavioural every bit good as larning disablements viz. : behavioural appraisals and intelligence trials. Critics have observed that IQ trials reflect baseline information of cultural cognition, cognitive ability of the Godhead ( s ) and the sample the trials were standardized, the linguistic communication accomplishments of pupils are assessed based on the linguistic communication of the bulk, and that professionals in instruction demand to be adept in the reading of linguistic communication and address scrutinies. Therefore, the procedure of proving is in itself wholly biased and pupils who have non culturally and societal experiences reflected in the trials are at a disadvantage ( Harry A ; Anderson, 1994 ) . This is the ground why the Board of Assessment and Testing ( BOTA ) came to the decision that there should be a reevaluation on the utility of the IQ trials in doing particular instruction determinations ( Morrison, White, A ; Fever, 1996 ) . When IDEA was reauthorized in 1997, US Congress investigated research sing the general demographic profile and academic public presentation of pupils with particular demands. Idea 1997 clearly stipulated the demand for provinces to roll up and analyze informations in order to determine whether the important disproportionality in particular educational plans is attributed to race as mentioned in 34 C.F.R. A §300.755. So there is comparing between provinces, Congress listed five race/ethnicity bunchs that all provinces must use during the aggregation and coverage of informations as follows: American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black ( non-Hispanic ) , Hispanic, White ( non-Hispanic ) . Through the creative activity of a coverage mechanism that considers race or ethnicity informations, Congress are able to expeditiously supervise this issue. Furthermore, the coverage strategy provided a manner in which provinces and territories investigate over-representation concerns. Whether or non the belong to a different cultural background, IDEA ’97 pointed out that particular instruction is non a topographic point but a set of services in support of kids with particular demands to be academically successful. To find individualised instruction plan ( IEP ) for a kid missing English installation, IEP squads should take into see the linguistic communication needs of the kid as stated in 34 C.F.R. A §300.346 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( two ) . IDEA besides provides that schools should hold entree to non-biased trials and rating processs in order to accurately place whether the kid has a disablement ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.532 ) . Last, IDEA specified that when a kid ‘s eligibility is based on English proficiency, the kid should non be eligible for particular instruction ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.534 ) and if kid is found to be ineligible for particular instruction if the finding factor is deficiency of direction in reading or math ( 34 C.F.R. A §300.534 ) . Equally early as 1965, the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights ( OCR ) has monitored informations on the registration of African American pupils in particular instruction plans. OCR has made a trailing of school territories every bit good as required conformity activities should jobs come up. For case in two territories, conformity activities resulted in the creative activity of pre-referral intercession processes which allowed practicians to better address behavioural and larning jobs under the context of supplying instructional intercessions and support in general instruction scenes. The OCR is tasted to implement a figure of Torahs impacting school patterns in relation to the over-representation of African American pupils. The following are the Torahs: First, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ( Section 504 ) which calls for the prohibition of favoritism against single with particular demands. Protection applies to persons considered possessing but do n on really have the disablement for case those who were misclassified. Second is Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) besides imposes the same countenance as Section 504 0f the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Third, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act ( Title VI ) which countenances against favoritism based on national beginning, race, or colour. Administrators were advised to utilize these Torahs as mention when treatment issues sing over-representation. What would go on if the information provides a clear indicant of over-representation in a school territory and no actions were taken to relieve the job? Because of the earnestness of this phenomenon, the territory may be involved in legal countenances. Furthermore, the school territory may be cited by OCR and should this go on, the OCR will teach the territory to come in into a disciplinary action program. For more than 30 old ages, over-representation informations have become outstanding topics of tribunal instances and in assorted educational forums that tackle steps to battle unfairnesss in the educational system. School decision makers can profit from their cognition of landmark instances on over-representation of African Americans in particular instruction such as Diana v. the California State Board of Education ( 1970 ) , Johnson v. the San Francisco Unified School District ( 1971 ) , and Larry P. v. Riles, California ( 1979 ) . These instances by and large shed visible radiati on on the prejudiced appraisal patterns in public schools. The appraisals have mistakenly labeled a important figure of minority pupils as necessitating particular educational services taking to their going segregated in particular instruction categories. The above instances were highly instrumental in determining the demands in IDEA Part B naming for nondiscriminatory testing and categorization, and the procedural precautions that prevent misclassification. The survey will be conducted in XISD located at the northeasterly subdivision of Dallas county, north Texas and research over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction plan in the school territory concerned. The consequences of the survey will analyze the perceptual experiences and prejudices of instructors related to African American male, every bit good as the educational systems and constructions that may take to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction, and contribute to the turning research related to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction. Statement of the Problem The tabular array below presents the informations sing the most recent Annual Report which was the content of the 22nd Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Disability American Indian Asian/Paci-fic Islander Black ( non-Hispanic ) Hispa-nic White ( non-Hispanic ) Specific Learning Disabilities 1.4 1.4 18.3 15.8 63 Address and Language Damages 1.2 2.4 16.5 11.6 68.3 Mental Deceleration 1.1 1.7 34.3 8.9 54.1 Emotional Perturbation 1.1 1 26.4 9.8 61.6 Multiple Disabilities 1.4 2.3 19.3 10.9 66.1 Hearing Damages 1.4 4.6 16.8 16.3 66 Orthopedic Damages 0.8 3 14.6 14.4 67.2 Other Health Damages 1 1.3 14.1 7.8 75.8 Ocular Damages 1.3 3 14.8 11.4 69.5 Autism 0.7 4.7 20.9 9.4 64.4 Deaf-Blindness 1.8 11.3 11.5 12.1 63.3 Traumatic Brain Injury 1.6 2.3 15.9 10 70.2 Developmental Delay 0.5 1.1 33.7 4 60.8 All Disabilities 1.3 1.7 20.2 13.2 63.6 Resident Population 1 3.8 14.8 14.2 66.2 Looking at the tabular array above, African Americans between six to 21 old ages of age history near to 15 per centum ( 14.8 % ) of the entire population ; yet 20.2 % of the population in particular instruction are composed of this group. Furthermore, out of 13 disablement classs, the per centum of African Americans is equal to or greater than the per centum in the resident population in 10 disablement categories. African American representation in mental deceleration and developmental hold is two times more than the national estimations. Despite a overplus of research focused on comparing the educational experience of African American males in instruction, overrepresentation of this population in particular instruction persists ( Artiles A ; Harry, 2005 ; Artiles A ; Trent, 1994 ; Bondy A ; Ross,1998 ; Ford, 2004 ; Hillard, 1992 ; Losen A ; Orfield, 2002 ; MacMillan A ; Reschley, 1998 ; Noguera, 2003 ; Reschley, 2002 ; Webb-Johnson, Artiles, Trent, Jackson, A ; Velox, 1998 ) . Despite the fact that surveies on overrepresentation varied in the research design, the findings were found to be consistent and for over 25 old ages of paying attending to this educational quandary, coming up with solutions and replies to this job is imperative. Alternatively of documenting forms of over-representation, the focal point of scientific project should be on taking the classs of action and generating solutions. Most scientists have proposed supplying the preventative and appropriate intercessions for pupils who are at hazard for underachievement and heightening the capableness of instructors in working with surveies coming from diverse cultural and lingual backgrounds. Though these intercessions and solutions are desirable, the job lies in their development based on present organic structure of cognition sing overrepresentation. Majority of the probes on overrepresentation centres on general forms. Oftentimes, the losing portion of the mystifier is the analysis of variables that are potentially forecasters of overrepresentation forms ( MacMillan A ; Reschly, 1998 ) . So that the efficient and effectual schemes are identified, there should be a considerable sum of deepness in the apprehension of these variables as demonstrated in the surveies of Artiles, Aguirre-Munoz, A ; Abedi ( 1998 ) , Coutinho A ; Oswald ( 1998 ) , Finn ( 1982 ) , and Hosp A ; Reschly ( 2002 ) . The informations analyzed were state- and individual-level and zeroing on peculiar disablements like mental deceleration or learning disablement. In 1999, Oswald and co-workers comprehensively conducted an analysis using the degree most normally employed in the scrutiny of represent ation forms which are obtained at the territory degree Over-representation has been found to be damaging to legion African American childs across the state. They could non derive entree to the course of study for general instruction, extremely likely become receiver of services non suited to their demands, and the hazard of being labelled unsuitably or misclassified. When a pupil is mistakenly labelled, perceptual experiences of low academic outlook are permeant. The pupil may besides yield to both societal and emotional jobs and achievement-related results are earnestly compromised. The impact of mislabelling on pupils is similar to those who really are particular kids such as disparities in educational chances, differences in graduation rates and gaining power during graduation and registration in third establishments ( NABSE, 2002 ) Purpose of the Study The intent of this proposed survey is to research the phenomenon of overrepresentation of male African Americans in XISD located at the northeasterly subdivision of Dallas county. Specifically it will foremost find the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction plans and suggest solutions and schemes to cut down disproportionality. Significance of the Study The job of over-representation of male African American pupils in particular instruction plans is a world frequently blamed to biased appraisal and referral processs widely reported in literature ( Cummins, 1986 ; Hilliard, 1990 ) . Unfortunately, the chance of being assigned to a particular instruction plan well increases one time the procedure of referral is initiated ( Artiles A ; Trent, 1994 ) . When a pupil is referred, he or she is subjected to psychological testing and the result of the trials will find his or her arrangement ( Bahr et al. 1991 ) . Conversely, to be a immature male and African American is bad for arrangement. Social workers in school play a cardinal place in step ining the referral procedure and straight work with the population. When attempts in societal work are conducted earlier on, concerns during referral are addressed by debaring improper and gratuitous referral, proving, and arrangement. Early intercession steps provide chances for analyzing the abilities and strengths of pupils and farther explore alternate classs of action in arrangement hence extenuating the job. The information obtained during this stage will be valuable in determining whether or non the referral to particular instruction services is warranted and rule out other jobs for case the prejudice of the instructor before a comprehensive psychological rating is mandated. Social workers can implement a solution-focused attack in early intercession for immature male African Americans who are considered for particular instruction services. In this intercession, school societal workers perform pupil appraisal carefully tak ing into history the pupil ‘s school environment along with short-run intercessions aimed to find whether extra appraisal or arrangement is deemed necessary. This measure can help in guaranting that the referral is appropriate Harmonizing to Bruce ( 1995 ) , brief solution-focused intercession is effectual when turn toing jobs among particular instruction pupils in the forced clip school societal workers have worked with them. However, activities that form portion of this intercession must be age-appropriate in bring forthing optimum consequences. Artiles ( 2002 ) recommended a five-step guideline to efficaciously supervise over-representation in particular instruction schoolrooms. First is to hold a wide cognition refering to the history of the job. Despite alterations in the classs and forms over the past three decennaries, there are forms that appear to be predictable and consistent to random fluctuations. Therefore it is indispensable to roll up information sing the history of over-representation utilizing national and local statistics. In other words, the roots of the job will be traced from when it started every bit good as the causes that contributed to the forms of over-representation. Artiles and Trent ( 1994 ) , Artiles and Trent ( 2000 ) , and Reschly ( 1997 ) showed that size of the school territory, plans on particular instruction, and proportion of a minority group in the territory influence the job. There is a possibility that the territory may hold old cases of over-representation of English scholars though thi s tendency is non reflected in both province and national statistics. When school decision makers are cognizant of the history, it will ensue in the designation of classs or groups that are over-represented and efficient monitoring of plans. The 2nd measure is the designation of dependable and utile indexs. School decision makers need to clearly specify the job and utilize sound indexs ; by and large its definition is the â€Å" extent to which rank in a given group affects the chance of being placed in a disablement class † ( Oswald et al. 1999 ) . There should be at least two indexs to be measured in better understanding the job: indices of composing and hazard. Composition index is computed by â€Å" contrasting the group in general instruction with the per centum of the same group of pupils enrolled in a particular instruction plan † ( Artiles A ; Trent, 2000 ) . Over-representation is apparent in a school when the per centum is greater than 10 % of the â€Å" pe r centum expected on the footing of the school-age population † ( Chinn A ; Hughes, 1987 ) . To exemplify this an illustration will be provided. The reported entire EL registration in the territories targeted is 42 % . Establishing on the 10 % standard, the EL is over-represented if the registration has exceeded 46.2 % 42+4.2 ) , the informations revealed that 45 % of pupils with disablements were ELs ; hence there is no over-representation in the territory. In contrast, hazard index represents the figure of persons in a group labeled to be in demand of particular instruction services ( Reschly, 1997 ) . In the research of Artiles and Trent ( 2002 ) , though 45 % of pupils in particular instruction comprise ELs, approximately 8 % of the full ELs were in these plans. The typical scenario is that the composing index is ever greater than the hazard index. The 3rd is definition of mark groups. History has seen that over-representation is influenced by cultural minorities ; nevert heless, it could besides be evident in other subgroups such as low socio-economic position of which really small is known. Therefore it is of import to zero in on specific groups within the population that is targeted for the intercession. For case the survey of Aristiles and Trent ( 2002 ) found that the EL subgroup showed a higher likeliness of a particular instruction arrangement compared to their opposite numbers who are adept in English-ELs stand a 27 % opportunity to being placed in simple particular instruction categories and about twice at the secondary degrees. The scenario in secondary categories with enrollees who are mentally retarded was dramatic as ELs were more than thrice likely to be assigned in this peculiar plan and 38 % in secondary categories for those possessing damage in linguistic communication and address. The writers found a certain subgroup in the EL population showing a higher opportunity of being over-represented. Unless this analysis is performed, impor tant forms are masked. The 4th measure involves the scrutiny of forms of arrangement in a multi-stage or degree attack. A tracking system should take assorted locations and multiple degrees in which analysis returns from sum to disaggregate degrees. Datas on arrangement can be analyzed harmonizing to service options ( self-contained schoolroom against resource room ) , disablement type and plans. Behavior of these analyses is at the province down to the territory so eventually the class degree. The survey of Aristiles and Trent ( 2002 ) mentioned that though informations at the territory degree did non stand for EL over-representation, a typical tendency was noted in the grade level- ELs were non over-represented in classs K-4, nevertheless emerged in class 5 and remained clearly seeable until grade 12. Furthermore, the index on hazard systematically increased from Kindergarten up to rate 6 from 2 % to 16 % and tableland from classs 7-12 ( range=11-16 % ) . The last measure is the d evelopment of short- and long-run docket in undertaking the jobs. Over-representation is simply an index, but non the primary job. Donovan and Cross ( 2002 ) emphasized the influence of assorted factors like poorness, low birth weight, less entree to well-trained instructors, and prejudice in appraisal. This phenomenon should be a warning for school decision makers to turn to basic jobs instead than handling it as the lone job necessitating undivided attending. The school decision makers should see the demands for instructional and educational services, quality of direction and academic and life results. There is a demand for close monitoring of these factors along with concentrating on pupil demographics. Solutions in the yesteryear have dwelt on equilibrating statistics or trying to develop a more precise method of appraisal. These steps have in world sidestepped the major aim of instruction, which is the proviso of equal chances for instruction and more significantly, equal educa tional results. Nature of the Study In order to supply grounds on the over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction plans in XISD, this survey will set up the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of male African Americans in particular instruction, the influence of cultural prejudice, multi-cultural and/or diverseness preparation, White/female privilege and gender on the over-representation of male African Americans in particular instruction. Study execution will use the descriptive, qualitative, and cross-sectional design. The complex nature of the job will be approached utilizing a qualitative research design because the research worker has deemed this method appropriate in finding the nature of over-representation in a school territory in Dallas county. Creswell ( 1994 ) said â€Å" A qualitative survey is defined as an enquiry procedure of understanding a societal or human job, based on constructing a composite, holistic image, formed with words, describing elaborate positions of sources, and conducted in a natural scene. Alternatively a quantitative survey, consistent with the quantitative paradigm, is an enquiry into a societal or human job, based on proving a theory composed of variables, measured with Numberss, and analyzed with statistical processs, in order to find whether the prognostic generalisations of the theory clasp true. † In a qualitative design, respondents in the survey will be asked to associate their experiences so the phenomenon will be interpreted. The strength of this method lies in its ability to â€Å" supply complex textual descriptions of how people experience a given research issue † . Through this method, the human side of a research job is highlighted which could include emotions, positions, sentiments, beliefs, and behaviours. An advantage of qualitative research is its usage of open-ended inquiries that provides chance for cardinal sources to freely show their responses in their ain footings instead than holding them encircle from fixed picks as is the instance of quantitative research. The usage of open-ended inquiries guarantee that the replies have significance and culturally relevant. Likewise the consequences are unanticipated by the research worker and provides a richer and explanatory position. In qualitative research, aggregation and analysis of informations are done at the same time and make non continue in a additive manner ( Merriam, 1998 ) . Methods of analysing informations entailed written text, coding and classification of interviews and field notes ( Sells A ; Smith, 1997 ) . The informations decrease methods of Miles and Huberman ( 1994 ) will be used in the analysis of informations which will get down with categorizing and form matching, exposing informations in the signifier of matrices, and pulling decisions and verifying. Ryan and Bernard ( 2000 ) presented a cryptography strategy which involved abbreviations, cardinal words, and Numberss that mark transitions in the information set. Codes that portion in relationship and content are combined forming larger bunchs or classs. Once coding is applied, constructs begin to emerge which will so be further analyzed in footings of how it is linked to the theoretical model. Because the survey will analyse multiple instance surveies, within- and cross-case analyses will be carried out ( Merriam , 1998 ) to find the subjects that are common among all the instances considered. In the within-case analysis, each instance will be treated as comprehensive instance in and of itself. Data will be coded and subjects will be identified. Once analysis of each instance is completed, a cross-case analysis will be employed to find the common subjects in all the instances. Those to be interviewed in the survey include instructors, pupils with disablements, parents, school psychologists, and facilitators. The research worker will besides reexamine the records of pupils to find whether their referral into the particular instruction plan followed IDEA. Research Questions The survey will be purposefully conducted in order to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What factors contribute to the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does cultural prejudice influence the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? What impact does multicultural and/or diverseness preparation ( pre-service and/or professional development ) have on the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does White/female privilege influence the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? How does gender impact the overrepresentation of African American males in particular instruction? Theoretical Model The survey will based its theoretical analysis on three theories viz. : Classical View Theory, Social Dominance Theory ( SDT ) , Critical Race Theory ( CRT ) , Instructional Leadership and Transformational Leadership Theory. Classical View Theory Classical View Theory refers to the traditional manner, and most common ground, African American males are referred to Particular Education. The usual method of placing a pupil for arrangement in a Particular Education plan begins chiefly with the recommendation of the regular schoolroom instructor ; on occasion, parents are the initiatorsaa‚ ¬A ¦students are so assessed. However, pupils of culturally diverse backgrounds may non profit from mainstream appraisal instruments. Nationwide, Black kids are three times every bit likely as White kids to be placed in categories for the mentally retarded ( Kozol, 1991, p. 119 ) . Teachers ‘ cultural attitudes and positions may act upon referral procedure and support personal prejudices. Delpit ( 2006 ) suggested that a misconstruing exists between instructors and minority pupils in seting between holistic and traditional direction. Teachers do non understand the larning potency of minority pupils ; moreover, Delpit contended th at instructors have the inclination to put bounds on their instructional bringing. Deficit thought, causes many instructors to see minority pupils as liabilities instead than assets alternatively of capturing and prosecuting the wealth of cognition all kids bring to the schoolroom ( Landsman A ; Lewis, 2006 ) . Russell ( 2005 ) emphasized that African American parents must go familiar with schemes on how to steer successfully among school and territory policies and patterns every bit good as the system as a whole to recommend more efficaciously for their kids. Social Dominance Theory The societal laterality theory ( SDT ) has become a powerful influence in associating groups to the socio-political sphere of the power dealingss across gender and assorted social strata ( Sidanius A ; Pratto, 1999 ) . This theory argues the presence of group-based hierarchies in all human societies where the dominant groups obtain more benefits and have a higher entree to resources as opposed to the subsidiary groups. The theory presents the mechanism that enable the dominant groups to retain their topographic point or place in society, and hypothesizes the invariant relationship bing between gender and group-based inequality with the work forces at a greater advantage since they systematically benefit from the gender inequality ( Sidanius, Pratto, A ; Bobo, 1994 ) . Dissimilar to most intergroup dealingss theories, SDT considers prejudice as functional instead than irrational ( Sidanius, 1993 ) . It is reasonable for work forces to be in favour of the inequality since they draw f rom the females, material advantage from society by keeping these political orientations and attitudes. This besides holds for other groups. Several writers have verified the basic premises of SDT like Pratto et Al. ( 2000 ) , Pratto et Al. ( 1994 ) , Pratto, Stallworth, A ; Sidanius ( 1997 ) Sidanius et Al. ( 2000 ) , Sidanius et Al. ( 1994 ) , Sidanius, Pratto, A ; Brief ( 1995 ) , Sidanius, Pratto, A ; Rabinowitz ( 1994 ) , but at that place remains uncertainty sing whether the theory can be generalized. SDT is being criticized for its being homeostatic ; in other words, all the premises are geared towards keeping inequality in society. What will go on if a society undergoes a important alteration where antecedently dominant groups become the subsidiary to those who were antecedently the minority group? At present, SDT does non widen to this instance. The SDT stated that societal stratification occurs on the footing of gender, age, and â€Å" arbitrary set † which could be cultural background, category or race. Its theoretical anticipations commence by presuming the stableness and fastness of these three systems. In the event that the existent political power in one of the societal stratification systems reverses intending a antecedently subjugated group becomes the opinion category, will this reversal of power be outright mirrored psychologically? Will those oppressed in the past support inequality in society? And when there is power reversal in one system, how will be other two be affected psychologically? Will they be upset or non? How about the mechanisms that govern care of inequality and hierarchy in society? There are three basic premises in the SDT: 1. â€Å" While age- and gender-based hierarchies will be given to be within all systems, arbitrary-set systems of societal hierarchy will constantly emerge within societal systems bring forthing sustainable economic excess † . 2. Most signifiers of group struggle and subjugation ( racism, ethnocentrism, sexism, patriotism, classis, regionalism ) can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human sensitivity to organize group-based societal hierarchies. The 2nd premise tackles the difference between SDT and SIT. Though SIT recognizes and accommodates the phenomenon of societal hierarchy every bit good as the power dealingss of societal groups, SDT focuses on group-based societal hierarchy. It is SIT that developed the account for favouritism within groups under the context of groups that are defined randomly. However, SDT is the conceived to be the model that explain the being of societal hierarchy. Because of this, the SDT ‘s focal point is on the impact of societal discourses and the behaviour of the person and establishments on the type and degree of group-based hierarchy. In scenarios where dealingss in hierarchal groups can non be identified, the SDT offers small account and one might be contented to explicate bias and favoritism utilizing earlier theoretical accounts like the SIT, realistic group struggle theory, and autocratic personality theory. The SDT states non merely will group-based societal hierarchy omnipresent but besides most if non all biass, political orientations, and stereotypes refering to high quality and lower status among groups every bit good as the nature of single and institutional favoritism both contribute and reflect group-based societal hierarchy. Simply put, phenomena such as favoritism, stereotypes, racism can non be explained outside the model of group-based societal hierarchy, particularly within the societal systems of economic excess. 3. â€Å" Human societal systems are capable to the compensating influences of hierarchy-enhancing forces, bring forthing and keeping of all time higher degrees of group-based societal inequality, and hierarchy-attenuating forces bring forthing greater degrees of group-based societal equality † . As one reads historical histories in societies that are non-hunter-gatherer, there are testaments to the utmost group-based societal inequality. A comparatively recent illustration is the movable bondage in the US which is one of the most ghastly illustrations of inequality in human history. Because societal value either positive or negative is non every bit distributed across the population, group-based societal inequality consequences. Through the usage of societal beliefs, philosophies, and myths, uneven distribution of societal value is given justification. Simultaneously, historical records would propose efforts were made to consistently make more inclusive and classless societal systems. Evidence from history would uncover that HA forces are evident in the early Christian discourse to the sociopolitical discourses stemming from Marxist, socialist, and societal democratic motions in the nineteenth century to the human and civil rights militants in the in-between and late twentieth century. The HA forces nevertheless have appeared to chair the extent of inequality in non-hunter-gatherer societies. How to cite Over Representation Of Male African American Students Education Essay, Essay examples

Greatest Spying Machine Assange Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Greatest Spying Machine Assange. Answer: Introduction Information technology has helped to advance technology beyond its originally outlined objectives. This outcome is based on the efficiencies and benefits it provides more so, through the internet which is the major component of the technology. However, while it may provide many benefits, its widespread application and pervasiveness make it a convenient tool for spying on peoples privacy. Now, according to Julian Assange (renown whistleblower), the internet and particularly the social media websites such as Facebook enable governments to enact totalitarian regimes that continuously spy on the general public thus infringe on their security, privacy and intellectual property(SMH, 2011). In light of these events, this report analyses the ethical issues of the internet as outlined by Assange and based on the four classical ethical theories. Analyses This analysis is based on an article written by the SMH(Kingsley, 2011) which outlines the negative role of the internet, an outcome that even led to the great Arab uprising. Therefore, while information access is extensively provided, the users are subjected to environments that promote the sinister objectives of governments including collecting vital user information that is then used to interrogate suspects based on inconclusive evidence. Classical ethical theories Utilitarianism: At hand are actions whose results affect the general good of the public by infringing on their personal rights. This conclusion is based on the activities promoted by the internet where its used to spy on the general public. Utilitarian principles are based on the actions of individuals which should promote the greater good of the majority more so, by promoting their happiness. However, the article at hand depicts a contrary image where social media sites such as Facebook are used to interrogate and even torture suspects(Mill, 2015). Furthermore, the internet while facilitating information access allows governments to snoop on peoples private affairs which inherently interfere with their privacy. Moreover, the public is generally unaware of the illicit actions conducted using the internet which intensifies the ethical issues at hand as there are few individuals who can keep the perpetrators in check. Therefore, although the internet may promote the information access, its pervasive and anonymous nature negatively affects the greater good of the people which contradicts the utilitarian principles(Mill, Utilitarianism, 2001). In addition to this, the internet promotes other sinister actions among the users such as cybercrime because of the nature of its environment. Deontology: On the other hand, consider the duties of the parties involved, where governments are supposed to protect their citizens. This protection should include the rights to privacy and security, an outcome that is not exhibited by the existing conditions as outlined in the article. Therefore, even without considering the actions taken by the government, their roles and duties should propel moral conducts where the general good is practised. Now deontological theories are centred on the duties held by individuals which outlines the ethical issues at hand where governments through the internet fail to exercise their moral duties(Lacewing, 2015). Furthermore, the same theories outline two core principles or duties; first prohibitory duties where parties involved are supposed to exercise some levels of restrictions e.g. they should not lie. However, the internet is used to further the course of governments without the knowledge of the public. Secondly, there are the social duties which are based on the promises made, particularly through the constitution. In any given country, the rights of the citizens are clearly stipulated in the general law of the constitution which includes their privacy and security. These laws should act as a guide to governance and therefore when broken will signal the moral failures of the parties involved(ONeill, 2011). Virtue: Based on the general characteristics of a virtuous agent, the virtue ethical theory claim that ethical virtues define the morality of individuals. Now, these virtues are based on the core values of the universe i.e. wisdom, courage, justice and humanity among many others(Hursthouse, 1999). Therefore, ethical issues and dilemmas will stem from practices that contradict these core values, an outcome that is seen in this case study. For one, the internet through social media sites is used to round up the participants of public revolts who are then beaten and tortured in order to conform to the accepted governmental conditions. Secondly, governments through the internet fail to consider the will of the people which contradicts justice a core value of the virtue principles. Now, based on these actions the virtues of the participants are put into questions where the character of government officials are inclined towards immorality. Therefore, even without considering the actions or consequences of the said individuals, their personal attributes are unethical which promotes the ethical issues at hand(Grcic, 2013). Moreover, unlike the actions which can be changed or adjusted to fit a given moral code, these attributes are heavily cemented in the personality of the participants which further intensifies the ethical problems. Contract: Finally, consider the ethical issues outlined in this article based on the social construct of the global community where certain laws or guidelines are used to maintain morality. In essence, a society will have certain inherent rules to govern the actions of the people involved. Now, these rules are undocumented and are not enforced as official laws but will act as constraints thus, will provide a natural basis for ethical conduct. In the article highlighted, the internet seems to have led to the failure of the social construct where its defining attributes contradict the general rules of a society(Browne). Unlike other natural environments, the internet seems to promote many illicit actions because the participants exist as anonymous parties who are unknown to each other. Furthermore, its pervasive nature makes it difficult to contain the general governing factors of a society such as equality and altruism. Therefore, based on its social construct the internet helps to promote the immoral actions taken by the government as outlined by the article at hand, a clear violation of the contractual ethical theory(Benham, 2008). Conclusion While the internet offers many benefits its nature particularly pervasiveness promotes many sinister actions that as outlined by the article at hand as its used by governments to infringe on the rights of the general public. Furthermore, unlike other natural environments, the internet does not conform to the social construct which makes it difficult to manage and contain the behaviour of the participants. As a solution, the governing bodies should enact stringent laws to manage the actions of those involved. However, these laws will only work if the participants improve their personal attributes by exercising virtuous actions based on proper ethical values and conducts. References Benham, B. (2008). Ethics: Social contract theory. lecture 25, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://155.97.32.9/~bbenham/Phil%201000%20Fall%2008/1000Lecture25_EthicsSocContract.pdf. Browne, K. (n.d.). Introduction to the social contract theory. Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ362/hallam/Readings/SocialContractHelium.pdf. Grcic, J. (2013). Virtue Theory, Relativism and Survival. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://www.ijssh.org/papers/273-C10018.pdf. Hursthouse, R. (1999). Virtue Ethics and Human Nature. HUME STUDIES, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://www.humesociety.org/hs/issues/v25n1-2/hursthouse/hursthouse-v25n1-2.pdf. Kingsley, P. (2011). Julian Assange tells students that the web is the greatest spying machine ever . The Guardian, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/mar/15/web-spying-machine-julian-assange. Lacewing, M. (2015). Kants deontological ethics. Routledge Taylor and Francis group, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A22014/ethical_theories/Kant's%20deontological%20ethics.pdf. Mill, J. (2001). Utilitarianism. Batoche Books, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/mill/utilitarianism.pdf. Mill, J. (2015). Utilitarianism. Retrieved 21 September, 2011, from: https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/mill1863.pdf. ONeill, O. (2011). Kantean Ethics. Deontological Ethics, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://people.umass.edu/klement/160/kant_large.pdf. SMH. (2011). Internet is world's 'greatest spying machine': Assange . The Sydney Morning Herlad, Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from: https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/internet-is-worlds-greatest-spying-machine-assange-20110316-1bwoz.html.

Every Sunday free essay sample

As long as I can remember every Sunday has been the same, waking up with the smell of breakfast ready and sitting on the couch with our pj’s still on. Mom and Dad cook breakfast in the kitchen as us kids watch a show that we can never agree on. After filling our stomach with an immense amount of food, we head to church at 11:30. After church, I try to finish my weekend homework before all my uncles, aunts, and cousins show up. When they arrive, the first thing I hear is my uncle Chuck saying â€Å"It’s Sunday, you know what that means.† I go over to him and give my Sunday hug. Every Sunday I entertain my two younger cousins, playing board games, going to the park and having water balloon fights. We gather around the table, fill our plates with as much food as we can andtalk about our favorite part of the week. We will write a custom essay sample on Every Sunday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My heart fills with joy. On every Sunday these past 17 years, Ive watched my family grow. Through every hardship and every laugh we stick together. I have a routine, a commitment to my family each Sunday. Ive learned from each person and I have become who I am today because of them. Every Sunday we all gather on the couch watching any sports game that is on that day. My Papa sits in the same spot and teases everyone in the room. As I walk over to him and hand him his absolute favorite candy, Reeses, every time I see his eyes light up and ask â€Å"Is this for me?†. Even though he usually isn’t aware of what is going on, he can make a laugh out of anything. I have always admired how easily he can bring joy to any room he steps into. Over the years Ive watched my Papa become more and more affected by Alzheimers disease and this has shown me how to deal with anything that is thrown in my way. I live day by day and dont worry about tomorrow. Looking on the positive side of all situations is important. Although some Sundays he will forget my name, I know his love for me is unconditional. Hes always his happiest on Sundays and so am I. We share that happiness. My whole family does. On Sunday afternoons I watch over my younger cousins Camryn and Colin. I take them to the park down the street on summer days or play board games inside. All day long we laugh and eat our favorite potato chips. For that day Im responsible for them. Playing and being around kids is one thing Ive always enjoyed doing, and it’s taught me to be forever young. As I sit at the table, with my whole family around me, Im proud of the love we share. Between my aunts, uncles, and parents having work and the kids having soccer practice and weekend homework, I can always rely on one thing. Every Sunday I know we will always be together at dinner time.

Petai Plants Essays

Petai Plants Essays Petai Plants Paper Petai Plants Paper Petai [pic] In the world of plants, petai plants can be classified in the family Leguminosae (Mimosaceae). Petai scientific name is parkia speciosa . Petai usually grow with the height of 5-25 meters and forms a lot of branching. Part of the petai that is most important  is the seed. Petai can be eaten raw as a fresh vegetable, boiled, fried or even baked. Petai is also widely used as food flavoring. It is very popular in Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and also Laos. Parkia speciosa is quite similar with long beans with bright green beans inside. The shape is similar with almond shape. Petai is sold in various forms such as sold in bunches, in pods, seeds or petai seeds that are packed in plastic bag and some even sold in the form of pickles and in the form of frozen. Studies by Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute [MARDI] indicated petai has a good amino acid profile, particularly essential amino acids. Essential amino acids help maintain blood sugar and energy level balance. They are needed to produce hormones, enzymes, muscles, tissues, bones and collagen. Essential amino acids also assist the process of metabolism in human’s body andfacilitates the function of the central nervous system (CNS) Parkia Speciosa Nutrition Components Parkia speciosa contains  nutrients  that are good for health and some of them are Vitamin A, B complex, C, Potassium, Magnesium, phosphorus, iron and fiber. [pic] Benefits of Parkia Speciosa Parkia speciosa contain three natural sugars -sucrose, fructose and glucose combined with fiber, it provides an immediate, sustained and boost the energy. Research has proved that with two servings of parkia speciosa provide sufficient energy for a exhausting 90-minute workout. No wonder parkia speciosa is the number one bean with the worlds leading athletes. Nevertheless, parkia speciosa can help people to retain fit as it can also help to overcome or prevent substantial number of illnesses and conditions. The benefits of parkia speciosa are: ? Depression According to a recent survey undertaken by MIND among the people suffering from depression, many felt much better after eating parkia speciosa. This is because it contains tryptophan, a type of protein that the body converts into serotonin known to make people relax, improve their mood and generally makes people feels happier. ? Anemia Parkias peciosa contains high iron and also can stimulate the production of red blood cells. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Parkia speciosa contains high calcium but low in salt, so it is good for reducing blood pressure. ? Strokes According to research in The New England Journal of Medicine,† eating parkia speciosa as part of a regular diet can cut the risk of death by strokes by as much as 40% ? PMS(premenstrual syndrome) The vitamin B6 in it regulates blood glucose levels which can affect mood. ? The brains ability High in calcium can help increase the brains ability to learn. ? Constipation Parkia speciosa contains high fiber to restore normal bowel action . Mosquito bites, itching, and swelling It can use to rub the affected area of bites using the skin of parkia speciosa Smoking Parkia speciosa also can help people trying to give up on smoking. Vitamin B6 and B12, as well as calcium and magnesium contained in parkia speciosa help the body recover from the effects of nicotine. Stress Potassium in it can help to normalize the heartbeat, sends oxygen to the brain and regulates bodys water balance. When people are stressed, their metabolic rate rises and therefore reduce the potassium levels. These can be rebalanced with the help of a high-potassium parkia speciosa snack. Temperature control Many other cultures see parkiaspeciosa as a cooling beans that can lower both the physical and emotionalt emperature of pregnant mothers. In Holand, for example, pregnant women eat parkia speciosa to ensure their baby is born with a cool temperature. Ulcers Parkiaspeciosa is used as the dietary food against intestinal disorders because of its soft texture and smoothness. It also neutralizes over-acidity and reduces irritation by coating the lining of the stomach. Morning Sickness Snacking on parkia speciosa between meals helps to keep blood sugar levels up and avoid morning sickness. Negative effects of ParkiaSpeciosa. Bad breath and smelly stomach gases A major effect of eating parkiaspeciosa is it gives bad breath and smelly stomach gases. It contains certain amino acids that give a strong smell to ones urine that can be noticed up to two days after consumption. High content of amino acids Although there are many  parkia speciosa benefits  to the human body, but by eating parkia speciosa too much every day also gives effect which is not good for the body because of the high content of amino acids can damage the kidneys. THE ISSUE : PHYTATES AND TRYPSIN INHIBITORS IN PETAI What is phytates? Also known as phytic acid and acts as the main storage form of phosphorous in plants. It also named as inositol hexakisphosphate It reduces the absorption of important vitamins and minerals such as niacin, calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc. What is trypsin inhibitors? Trypsin inhibitors  are chemicals that reduce the availability of  trypsin which is an  enzyme  essential to humans as well to animals. The issue There are many opinions and thoughts upon the effects of phytic acid towards human body. Phytic acid can cause negative impact in forming some  bonds with the basic vitamin  niacin that can cause  a condition known as  pellagra. It also involve in th process of bond creation between the  acid  and the vital minerals that make it insoluble and therefore useless. As our main issue is upon petai or the scientific name Parkia Speciosa contains phytates and trypsin, the phytic acid elements in petai can inhibits and interfere the protein digestion as well as zinc and calcium absorption. Other common foods also have been identified in containing phytic acid such as: Most whole grain cereal foods (wheat, rye, rice, oats) Nuts and seeds (pumpkin, sunflower) Soybeans and other types of beans Potatoes Artichokes Blackberries Broccoli Carrots Figs Strawberries Soaking and other cooking processes of the â€Å"smelly beans† may slightly reduce the effects. This might be one of the biggest and significant reasons why the traditional societies and also our a ncestors practice certain process on foods such as fermenting soybeans into tempeh and the glutinous rice to produce tapai. By conducting certain cooking methods and processes, the level of phytic level can be reduced in massive amount. Below are some of the cooking methods that might facilitates in reducing the phytic acid level: Baking Soaking Fermentation Cooking Many scientists and researchers clamied that people should avoid eating too much petai especially the raw beans as phytic acid in food reduces the bodys ability to absorb the minerals the food has to offer. Somehow, phytates or phytic acid have been viewed and labelled as â€Å"anti-nutrients†. This scenario might concern people nowadays as some of them depending on grains and legumes as a source of diet especially for the strict vegans. People usually consumed petai by eating the raw beans. As the phytic acid level only can be reduced through conducting and implementing cooking processes, the practice of eating petai in raw condition might be a sceptical and subjective question as it is a common practice in Malaysia especially among the Malays. For Malays petai is considered as ulam which can be as similar to the western people who consume ceasar salad as their complementary side dishes. In preparation of cooking petai, some dishes such as Sambal Udang Petai do involve in elaborate cooking process which certainly reduce the phytic acid level. But the main issue right now is that other food containing phytic acid such as soybeans do involve in cooking process unlike petai which basically eaten in raw condition. So, it trigger a question whether people should be expose and aware to the sense of concern when eating petai. [pic] [pic][pic]Parkia Speciosa also known as ‘EVIL-SMELLING BEAN’ Filipino : u’pang Javanese : pete Malay : chou dou, cong dou, nyiring, patag, patai, petah, petai Thai : sataw, sator, sator dan, sator kow, to dan, to khao The [pic][pic]secrete a nectar that attracts BATS and other POLLINATORS. Exported in jars or cans, pickled in brine or frozen[pic] The YOUNG LEAVES and fresh parts of the flower stalks can also be eaten RAW!! [pic]The WoOD is used in the manufacture of PaPER Creative products ranging from tea to milkshake[pic] IN HTF 523 FOOD SCIENCE[pic]

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to Research Paper

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality - Research Paper Example The whole problem was triggered by the quarrel over tax cuts for the wealthiest 1% percentage of Americans. It can be argued that the prospects of the future global economy depends much on the debate circling to distribution of income or equality among all sections of the society. The republicans support the tax cuts on the argument of the role played by income in the development of incentives. They argue that the role of the government is not ecstatic in managing the money of the tax payers. They put the example of the CEO who may feel the disincentive on working harder if the government levies a tax of 10% more on his income. The Republicans states the money that is paid by the tax payers can be more efficiently invested in profitable investments instead of wasting the amount in the inefficient programs of the government. Research question How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality? Literature Review The law makers of the country are facing three unattractive options. They can keep the policy on hold till the beginning of next year. With the implementation of the policy the spending rates are anticipated to go down and therefore the economy will again be on the verge of inflation. Again the deficit of the current balance is anticipated to fall as well. They can opt for the middle course which would address the issues of the budget to a certain extent and will also have modest impact on the rate of growth. Two dimensions can be put forwarded regarding the inefficiency of the government. The spending in the public sector cannot be identified as waste because some of the expenditures roll out to the private sector as well. In some cases the roll is large enough. Moreover some profitable investments can only be done by the government. An individual cannot be held responsible for his resources and the same individual can be held responsible for the choices he makes. It is undoubted that the policy maker will opt for the pro grams that bring equalization in the society rather than increase the taxes for the wealthiest population. The term economic inequality is used to define the gap between the rich and the poor. The disparities in distribution of the economic assets among individuals or groups of population are regarded as economic inequality (World Bank, 2005, p. 27-28). There are many causes for economic inequality and primary of them being the differences in wages and salaries of the employed. Inequality in the labor market leads to concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Some of the other causes are racial inequality, gender inequality, tax loopholes and increasing costs of education. The distributive inefficiency gets reduced by economic inequality. Inequality acts to reduce the total personal utility. The simplest form of measuring inequality arranges the entire population from poorest to the richest and pictures the percentage of spending attributable to either quintile or decile of th e arrangement. One of the most popular measures on inequality is Gini coefficient (Cullis and Koppen, 2007, p. 2-3). It ranges from 0 showing perfect equality to 1 showing perfect inequality. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which also arranges the population from the poorest to the richest. The Lorenz curve is drawn using the cumulative proportion of the population and the cumulative expenditure on the horizontal and the vertical axis

Township Planning in and around Chennai City Limits Research Proposal

Township Planning in and around Chennai City Limits - Research Proposal Example With specific subject related colleges represented by Anna University and Madras Medical College. Despite its ongoing development as a leading commercial metropolis, Chennai is also responsible for housing 5% of the entire slum population of India, together with a significantly high migrant population.1 This proposal will outline a framework for consideration based on the principal that as a city Chennai needs to incorporate a great many factors into its attempts to expand and develop industrially, educationally and for the benefit of its existing residents and future population. In particular it will seek to demonstrate the advantages of recent city growth in the form of townships. How the city is developing and reinventing itself as a consequence of these new developments The literature for this research will broadly split into three categories. Each category will be the focus of the three fundamental chapters. With the fourth and final chapter dedicated to rationalizing the findings. The first category will focus on the history of Indian town planning. This will provide a context within which the current situation and consequences of modern day townships being developed throughout Chennai will be rationalized. It will explore the reminiscent British influence and the Victorian concept of municipality and how this was first established in Madras (now Chennai). Research Publications such as the Transformation of Housing Policy and other documentation sourced from the Indian Institute of Public Administration, together with books like Indian Government & PoliticsBy Sharma Manoj which detail the period of the 1960's amongst others as eras that can be defined as playing a major role in the development of urban planning models. The second category to be investigated will involve a demographic overview including the current economic and social situation in Chennai in the twenty first century. This will be achieved through the presentation of collated statistics the overall socio-economic situation of the population by illustrating the differences across the city and its outskirts. There have been a number of qualitative and quantative research studies carried out on the population of this particular city including Quality of Life of Migrant Households in Urban Slums, by S. Sundari, Alcohol Abuse Among The Coastal Communities In Chennai District, Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre, Prof. L. S. S. Manickam Ph.D. Dr. Joshi Basil PhD, An Adaptive Ecosystem Approach to Managing the Urban Environment for Human Health, Martin J. Bunch. The case for being able to demonstrate the current situation of the people of Chennai, their history of housing issues, poverty and deprivation as a result of demographic circumstance will help legitimise the overall picture of Chennai as a city whose population has suffered and continues to do so without the necessary changes to infrastructures a nd controls on building and residency issues. These statistics will be supported by a number of text based

Wp2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wp2 - Essay Example Nevertheless, some of the customer representatives may find the customer etiquette codes more rigid and outdated. Therefore, I would like you to consider these questions: This Memo comes to notify you that we have a problem with some of our products. There has been a complaint raised by customers, to the effect that some of the products they have purchased from our company are defective. This kind of complaint spells trouble for our company, if the issue fails to be addressed within the shortest time possible. Thus, while bringing this issue to your attention, I am also requesting that you liaise with the necessary authority, to ensure that the manufacturing process is effectively monitored and the products well supervised before they are packaged and availed to the customers. This will help to save the company from the looming problem of loss of business. Secondly, I would like to bring to your attention that I have discovered a problem with our customer service. Customers have raised a concern that some of the responses from our customer representatives are unfriendly and rude. To this effect, I have written to all the customer representatives warning on the same, and asked them to change this conduct. However, I would like to recommend that investigations start to establish the particular person who was involved in the unethical conduct, so that the necessary disciplinary action can be taken against the

Aquaculture And Fishing Industries Environmental Sciences Essay

Aquaculture And Fishing Industries Environmental Sciences Essay What are aquaculture and fishing industries? Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in fresh or marine water under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. The fishing industry activity concerned with culturing, processing, preserving and marketing of fish and fish products. Next, there are many types of aquaculture. For example, types of aquaculture are extensive farming or cage farming and intensive aquaculture. Furthermore, the types of fishing industries includes commercial fishing, fish farming, fish processing, fish products and fish marketing. Besides of types of aquaculture, there are also includes methods of aquaculture. Examples for methods of aquaculture involved open net pens or cages, ponds, raceways, recirculation systems and shellfish culture. However examples for methods of fishing industries included pole/troll fishermen, purse seining, gillnetting, traps and pots, harpooning and trolling. Aquaculture and fishing industries are considered as developing sectors in Malaysia. These industries are contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth and providing jobs opportunity to communities as well as to enhance the welfare and quality of life. Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in fresh or marine water under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Furthermore, the definition of aquaculture can be break down to two components such as the term aquatic refers to a variety of water environments which including freshwater, brackish water and marine and the term of Aquatic organisms that means the interest with regard to human food include a wide variety of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Aquaculture also is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms such as finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. It is also known as aqua farming. For examples, aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic populations under controlled conditions and contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish. 1.3 Type of Aquaculture There are two general types of fish farming which are extensive farming and intensive farming. What is extensive farming. Extensive farming means the farming which is easier to set up and maintain because no need for advanced water quality control systems. Ocean waters near the shore with good tidal flushing are the place that most suitable for extensive farming. However, reliance on nature for water management make environmental problems happened. For example, the algae bloom is happened by concentrated waste and nutrients. The ways to prevent and reduce the risks to the environment are more exposed sites and attention to cage density can be establish for those countries that have the species already native in that area. Another type of aquaculture is intensive aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture encourages the use of intensive and closed-loop systems for aquaculture. In these systems, almost all the water is recycled with at most 5%-10% of water being replaced each day. Furthermore, as the water is in a closed loop, the waste from the fish will not impact the surrounding environments. The ability to stack shallow tanks makes intensive farming particularly well suited to flat fish such as flounder. The primary downside is the complexity of the recycling systems. However, intensive aquaculture also provides an opportunity for landlocked nations to become involved and stacking tanks that allows for large numbers of fish in a single facility. 1.4 Methods of Aquaculture There are five methods of aquaculture that included by open net pens or cages, ponds, raceways, recirculation systems and shellfish culture. Firstly, Salmon, the fish enclose in open net pens or cages that mostly exist in offshore coastal areas or in freshwater lakes. The high-impact aquaculture method commonly refers to net pens. This is because the waste from the fish can passes freely into the surrounding environment and contaminate wild habitat. Farmed fish can flee and compete the natural resources with wild fish or interbreed with wild fish of the same species that will compromise the wild population. For examples, diseases and parasites can spread to wild fish through swimming past net pens. Next, ponds is the place that enclose fish in a coastal or inland body of fresh or salt water. This manner is use to raise shrimp, catfish and tilapia. After that, wastewater can be contained and treated. The surrounding environment and groundwater can be polluted by the discharge of untreated wastewater from the ponds. Moreover, the construction of shrimp ponds in mangrove forests has destroyed more than 3.7 million acres of coastal habitat important to fish, birds and humans. Raceways allow farmers convert water from a waterway, like a stream or well and to make it easily flows through channels that containing fish. Furthermore, farmers usually diverting it back into a natural waterway after treating the water. If the farmers untreated the water, wastewater from the raceways can affect waterways and spread out disease. Farmed fish can potentially escape and compete with wild fish for natural resources. Besides this, escaped fish can interbreed with wild fish of the same species which lead the health of wild population at risk. Recirculation systems raise fish in the tanks where the water must be treated and recycled through this system. All the types of finfish species like striped bass, salmon and sturgeon can be raised in recirculation systems. Recirculation systems can address many environmental concerns associated with fish farming in which fish cannot escape and wastewater is treated. However, the costs of treatment for wastewater are expensive and very rely on electricity or other power sources. Shellfish culture means that the types of shellfish such as oysters, mussels, and clams can grow on beaches or suspend them in water by ropes, plastic trays or mesh bags. Mostly, farmers use filter feeders and clean water to thrive. This is because filter feeders can filter excess nutrients out of the water but the farming shellfish with high densities in areas with tidal flow can lead the waste accumulated. 1.5 Species Groups Species groups of aquaculture include finfish, shellfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and algae. The farming of finfish consider as the most common in aquaculture because it raised fish in tanks, ponds or ocean with the main purpose that is to meet the demand for food. Fish hatchery is an adoption that used to release immature fish into the wild for recreational fishing. For examples, salmon, carp, tilapia, catfish and cod are the types of fish hatchery. Secondly, abalone and oyster farming is the types of shellfish farming. Abalone farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful. Next, over-fishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies the most abalone meat. Thirdly, crustacean farming involve shrimp farming and fresh water prawn farming. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (shrimp of the family Penaeide). There are two species of shrimp that involved the Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) and the Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) account for roughly 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to disease which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Echinoderm farming is one of the methods of aquaculture. Commercially harvested echinoderms include sea cucumbers and sea urchins. For examples, sea cucumbers are farmed in articial ponds as large as 1,000 acres (400 ha) in China. Last but not least, algae farming such as microalgae also referred to as phytoplankton, microphyte or planktonic algae constitute the majority of cultivater algae and macroalgae that commonly known as seaweed. Despite seaweeds have many commercial and industrial uses but they are not easily cultivated on a large scale. 1.6 Benefits of Aquaculture The benefits can be categorized into three general types that are economic, social and environmental. In the case of aquaculture, the potential for financial gains was the initial cause of growth in the industry. Social and environmental benefits are also being totaled as valid reasons for growing aquaculture sector in the United States. First of all, economic benefits gain from aquaculture. The income of country is generated for the communities and countries by aquaculture. For examples, exporting of aquaculture product to the foreign country can provides security to our economies and cultures. Next, many job opportunities are provided by fish farming from the view of social benefits in aquaculture nowadays. Aquaculture is the potential agriculture to provide those fishermen put out of their works as well as new recruits with a job in aquaculture. Lastly, environmental benefits will decrease the pressure on wild fisheries. The fisheries in many worlds are categorized at unhealthy or unsustainable levels. A growing aquaculture sector can decrease the pressure on wild fish stocks and provide market demand for farmed fish as great as the demand for wild fish. However, fisheries economics and policies have implications for the ability of aquaculture to replace or provide an alternative to wild catches. 1.7 Impacts of Aquaculture The main impact of aquaculture is the pollution of inland and coastal waters. Aquaculture is different with mollusk farming because there are many species of fish rely on a diet of synthetic feed in pellet form. This feed is broadcast onto the surface of the water and feed by the fish as it settles through the water column. Due to not all the feed is consumed, a great deal of feed can reach the bottom where it is eaten by the benthos or break down by microorganisms. This modification of the natural food web structure can significantly affect the local environment. Many studies have indicated feeding exceedingly in fish farms is the effect of changes in benthic community structure because a high food supply may favor some organisms over others. Moreover, tame animals may die in water diminish of oxygen resulting from microbial break down while the mobile population may transfer to other areas. Next, eutrophication is the second impact of concentrate fish culture where the water surrounding raising pens or the rivers receiving aquaculture effluent. Fish waste matter and fecal wastes mix with nutrients released from the breakdown of overfeed to raise nutrient levels well above normal, creating an ideal environment for algal blooms to form. The way to compound the problem is most feed that formulated to contain more nutrients than necessary for most applications. When algal blooms die, they settle to the bottom where their decomposition can reduce the oxygen. There is potentially that algal toxins are produced before they die. Then, the impacts of aquaculture is on natural stocks. Clearly, feeding fish is a fish leads to a net loss of protein in a protein-short world and directly effect on natural stocks, but aquaculture may have a plenty of indirect impact on the natural environment. Almost all the marine or brackish water culture is relying upon natural fisheries for some aspect of operations. Although more and more hatcheries are being constructed to provide seed for shellfish and finfish culture, most farms still capture wild animals for brood stock or for a source of larvae. In some cases, collection of wild-caught shrimp larvae to stock ponds has damage thousands of other larval species in the process. The full effect of removing natural fish stocks from food webs is difficult to predict. When fish are removed to make fish meal, less food may be available for commercially valuable predatory fish and for other marine predators such as seabirds and seals. This effect exacerbates large-scale problems caused by global warming and the El Nino phenomenon. The El Nino of 1997-1998 is considered to be the second strongest warm event in the tropical and subtropical Pacific this century. The shift in water temperature make a severe decline in biomass and total production of small pelagic fish leading to change food webs and a lack of fish meal and fish oil. Furthermore, there is habitat destruction in mangrove forests. There are over 400,000 hectares of mangroves have been altered into brackish water aquaculture for the cultivating of shrimp in Asia. For examples, farmed shrimp is used to raise the earnings of a developing countrys foreign exchange. Tropical mangroves are the habitat that prevent erosion, good quality of coastal water and cultivate many marine organisms. A sustainable and renewable resource of firewood, timber, pulp, and charcoal from mangrove forests are contributed for the local communities. These habitats are destroyed and it is very difficult for the rehabilitation is the one of the ways to build the bank of ponds for shrimp farming. Unfortunately, shrimp ponds are profitable only for a short term because they are limited demand in the shrimp market. Besides that, socio-economic is also one of the impacts of aquaculture. There are many countries that accept the aquaculture because income generated from the export of aquacultures products that can substantially can lead to a long-range social benefits. Furthermore, many rural communities also enjoy the employment opportunities which related to aquaculture but there are some conflicts happened when crash occurred between traditional employment and the aquaculture industry. The important is resource ownership of aquaculture locations is questionable. The economic benefits are more emphasizes compared to the issues of pollution and social problems. 2.0 FISHING INDUSTRIES 2.1 Definition of Fishing Industry The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or for use as raw material in other industrial processes. Fishing is defined by the activity of catching fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. The fishing industry is made up of a great number of independent operators who sell their produce as independent contractors to fish processing plants. It is also made up of fishermen and fishing boat crews working for commercial fleets some of which belong to processing companies. 2.3 Types of Fishing Industry Commercial fishing is the activity of capturing fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provide a large quantity of food to many countries around the world but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large scale commercial fishing is also known as industrial fishing. Commercial fishermen harvest a wide variety of animals, ranging from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and factory ships. Commercial fishing gears today are surrounding nets, seine nets, trawls, dredge, hooks and lines, lift nets, gillnets, entangling nets and traps. There are large and important fisheries worldwide for various species of fish and crustaceans. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the worlds fisheries. Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture while other methods may fall under marine culture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. Fish hatchery is a facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species natural numbers. The most common fish species raised by fish farms are salmon, carol, tilapia, European seabass, catfish and cod. Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing has caused widespread overfishing. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish and fish protein. Fish processing is the processing of fish and other seafood deliver by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. Although the term refer specifically to fish, in practice it is extended to cover all aquatic organisms harvested for commercial purposes, whether harvested from cultured or wild stocks. The largest fish processing companies can have their own fleets. The products of the industry are usually sold wholesale to grocery chains or to intermediaries. Fish processing may be subdivided into two major categories that is fish handling and fish products manufacturing. Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets. The secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades. Fish and fish products are consumed as food all over the world. Fish and other aquatic organisms are processed into various food and non-food products. Fish oil is recommended for a healthy diet because it contains the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), precursors to eicosanoids that reduce inflammation throughout the body. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. Fish meal is made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing the whole fish or fish trimmings to remove the fish oil. It used as a high-protein supplement in aquaculture feed. Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin abd sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Sea snails Murex brandaris and Murex Trunculus are used to make the pigment Tyrian purple. Some sepia pigment is made from the inky secretions o f cuttlefish. Fish marketing is the marketing and sale of fish products. It would require special facilities for transportation and holding in wholesale and retail markets. When they have to process before marketing it will undoubtedly be advantageous to link the production centre with transport, storage, preservation or processing system of general fish marketing. This will allow fuller control of market outlets and prices, allowing grater marketing flexibility. Method of Fishing First method is using a fishing pole and bait by pole troll fishermen to catch the fishes, encompasses from tuna to cod. This type of fishing is called pole troll fishing. It is environmental friendly and a good alternative to pelagic longline. Unlike pelagic longlines, the rate of bycatch I pole troll fishing is diminishing. Next, purse seining is use with a large wall of netting to enclose fishes. Fishermen pull the bottom of the netting closed like a drawstring purse to herd fish into the center. The types of purse seines used depend on which species of fish like sardines or other animals like school of dolphins. Gillnetting is a net that uses curtains of netting and hang with floats and weights. Function of floats and weights are to fix the net to the sea ground or make it to float at the surface of the sea. The purpose of this netting makes the fish invisible to it so the fishes will swim into it. Gillnets are used to catch sardines, salmon and cod yet the sharks and sea turtles accidently. Longlining is string with small lines of baited hooks and swinging at flat spaced intervals. It can be put near the surface or place on the sea ground to catch pelagic fish like tuna and deep dwelling fish. Lonlining also cause bycatch problem because some of the animals like sea turtle, sharks and seabird can be attracted to the bait. However, by lowering the longlining to deeper sea bycatch can be reduced. Trawls and dredges are nets set at different depths to catch fish. Trawl nets are dragged along the sea ground to catch fish like pollock, cod, flounder and shrimp. Meanwhile, dredging is carry out by locating a heavy frame that attached with mesh bag along the sea bed to catch animals which is living in the sand catches, such as scallops, clams and oysters. Both trawls and dredge activities intentionally can damage the sea floor and results in bycatch risk. Fishermen submerged wire or wood cages on the bottom ocean to attract fish with bait and hold them alive until fishermen return to haul in the catch. This fishing method is known as traps and pot. Mostly, fishermen catch lobsters, crabs, shrimp, sablefish and Pacific cod by this method. They have less negative impact if compare to trawls in unintended catch and sea floor impact. One of the conventional method for catching large fish and still used until today by skilled fishermen is harpooning. When a harpooner spots a fish, he thrusts or shoots a long aluminum or wooden harpoon into the animal and hauls it aboard. Harpooners catch large, pelagic predators like blue fin tuna and swordfish. Harpooning is an environmentally responsible fishing method. Bycatch of unwanted marine life is not a issue because harpoon fishermen visually identify the species and size of the targeted fish before killing it. Trolling is a hook-and-line method that hauls a fishing lines behind or alongside of a boat. Due to different depths, fishermen use different types of lures and baits to troll and attract for different kinds of fish. Trollers catch the fish such as salmon, mahi mahi and albacore tuna which will following a moving lure or bait. Trolling is a fishing method that will not destroy or harm the environment. Since the fishing lines are reeled in soon after a fish takes the bait, fishermen can release fish that is unwanted from their hooks immediately. Effect of Fishing Industries Overfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptance level. This can occur in any body of water from a pond to the oceans. Ultimately overfishing may lead to resource depletion in cases of subsidized fishing, low biological growth rates and critical low biomass. For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. The ability of fisheries to naturally recover also depends on whether the conditions of the ecosystems are suitable for population growth. Dramatic changes in species composition may establish other equilibrium energy flows that involve other species compositions than had been present before. For example, remove almost all the trout and the carp might take over and make it nearly impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population. A sustainable fishery produces consistent output over an indefinite period without damaging the environment. It combines with some theoretical disciplines, for example preventing overfishing through a few techniques, like quota of fishing for individual, lowering the practices of illegal fishing. This can be done by implementation of related regulation and law, protected areas is created, restoring destructed fisheries and also organizing some campaigns and certification program. The main issue about sustainability is heavy fishing pressure, such as over exploitation and growth overfishing will cause the loss potential yield, stock structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environment fluctuation, and economic infrastructure and ecosystem will cycle between collapse and recovery. The resource usage in political goal usually is the weak part in the system of fisheries management because both having different objective in fisheries management. The political objective are to maximize sustainable biomass and economic yield, increase the employment in certain areas, and also secure the supply of food and production of protein. Ways to Reduce the Effect of Fishing Industries One of the ways to reduce the effect of fishing industries is stopping the slaughter. WWFs Global Marine Programmer is having cooperation relationship with all fisheries around the world with aim to reduce harm of ecosystem that caused by damaging and wasting fishing practices. They are focusing on work o f by catch since it was one of the greatest and most pervasive threats to the life in ocean. In the year of 2004, WWF created a Global By catch Initiative with respect to sustainable fisheries and species conservation. The initiative along with fishing industry, conservation organization, government and academia in searching the ways of reducing by catch and promote the ways to world. In order to reduce the negative impacts of fishing, the task includes combining conservation of fisheries management and strengthening fisheries policy, terminating the practices of destructive fishing and identifying selective fishing gear. The second way is to stop overfishing. In order to stop overfishing, a key area of World Wildlife Funds work on sustainable fishing is engaging with the fishing industry and governments to improve fisheries management. World Wildlife Fund also pay attention on incorporating ecosystem-based management into the way of fisheries are managed, such as reduce capacity of fishing to the levels that can sustain the marine ecosystems, reduce fishing pressure to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover and ensure the maintenance of healthy populations. Other than that, fisheries policy should be strengthen and promote fairer Fisheries Partnership Agreements for fishing in foreign waters and reduce illegal fishing. The following way is promoting sustainable seafood. World Wildlife Fund is promoting economic and consumer initiatives, and trade management measures that encourage sustainable fisheries. A main focus of work involves supporting the activities of the Marine Stewardship Council, an independent organization. It is recognizes via a certification programme, sustainable marine fisheries and their products. World Wildlife Fund established a Sustainable Seafood Choices project in 2005 to aim at the retail and market end of the seafood industry to support the MSCs work. In partnership with other Non Government Organizations, the project combines advocacy, strategic partnerships, and communications to raise the profile of sustainable seafood products with consumers and markets, and provide guidance on their purchase. 3.0 CONCLUSION In a nutshell, aquaculture will be one of the most feasible and practicable methods use to supply the demands of the world. But there are many challenges and difficulties for maintaining the profitability and environmental compatibility of aquaculture occurred. Many governments wish for the development, evolution and expansion of aquaculture which is concentrate and centralize on the economic growth. But some of the governments have started to enforce and actualize stricter regulatory recommendations addressing environmental and social issues to assure and fight on the sustainability of aquaculture. Malaysia has made evolvement and development in the establishment of legal and regulatory scheme which are having a positive effect on aquaculture growth at the beginning and with the requirements that people also have to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Fishing industries also play a significant role in contributed and fulfillment the various demands of people among the world. People can get sufficient and enough supply of fish at anytime and anyplace from global. Besides, it also provides a large number and potential jobs opportunity to the community and it will reduce unemployment eventually. Because of the high employment, income of the community and the income earn by country will increase and it will improve the quality of life directly.